Mental Illness
Mental Illness Mental Health Disorders: Disorders
· physical alterations caused by tumors, circulatory problems, dementia.
· mental weakness or mental retardation : level below normal intelligence. This is measured by the scale of intelligence quotient (IQ), instituted standardized tests and individual application.
· affective disorders such as depression . State of depression, sadness and unhappiness, which can be transient or permanent. Most people feel this way sometimes in life, for short periods, but the true clinical depression is a mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, irritability or frustration interfere with everyday life for an extended period .
· neurotic disorders or neurosis , which is the mental disorder a person suffers anxiety produced by obsessions or conflicts caused by other individuals or from their environment.
· psychotic disorders, or psychosis, severe impairment of reality and perception of personality in emotional and intellectual areas. Schizophrenia and major affective disorder, characterized by impairment of affect and disorder of feelings. Two types of disorders: bipolar, in which patients go through alternating periods of mania and depression, and unipolar, where he settled a state of depression without periods of mania.
· The severe personality disorders, among which is psychopathy, which is characterized by a lack of feelings of guilt or remorse, inability to maintain relationships.
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Tuesday, April 28, 2009
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases Nervous system
STDs
sexually transmitted diseases are transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, use of contaminated needles and transmission from mother and child during pregnancy. The
venereal diseases are of infectious and best known are syphilis The gonorrhea and genital herpes . These diseases are acquired through sexual contact and promiscuity is a factor that favors their development. In one, the agent of infection is bacterial type as syphilis and gonorrhea, genital herpes virus.
therapy with antibiotics such as penicillin and tetracycline is effective in the early stages of the disease, thereby preventing these illnesses become chronic and avoid its consequences more severe.
Other sexually transmitted diseases are hepatitis B and AIDS, which, apart from sexual contact, transmission can be performed through infected blood. The hepatitis B virus-like. The AIDS causes immunodeficiency and creates a table with other possible diseases that lead to the patient in many cases death. There is still no effective cure for AIDS, the only effective weapon against it is prevention .
The bacterial sexually transmitted diseases are controlled in developed countries but not in developing countries, to which we must add the increased incidence in recent countries of viral sexually transmitted diseases by the lack of educational and preventive measures the most disadvantaged social groups.
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STDs
sexually transmitted diseases are transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, use of contaminated needles and transmission from mother and child during pregnancy. The
venereal diseases are of infectious and best known are syphilis The gonorrhea and genital herpes . These diseases are acquired through sexual contact and promiscuity is a factor that favors their development. In one, the agent of infection is bacterial type as syphilis and gonorrhea, genital herpes virus.
therapy with antibiotics such as penicillin and tetracycline is effective in the early stages of the disease, thereby preventing these illnesses become chronic and avoid its consequences more severe.
Other sexually transmitted diseases are hepatitis B and AIDS, which, apart from sexual contact, transmission can be performed through infected blood. The hepatitis B virus-like. The AIDS causes immunodeficiency and creates a table with other possible diseases that lead to the patient in many cases death. There is still no effective cure for AIDS, the only effective weapon against it is prevention .
The bacterial sexually transmitted diseases are controlled in developed countries but not in developing countries, to which we must add the increased incidence in recent countries of viral sexually transmitted diseases by the lack of educational and preventive measures the most disadvantaged social groups.
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nervous system diseases
The brain and spinal cord are responsible for initiating and coordinating movements and sensations. Failures in performance can impair driving as paralysis.
The paralysis is the loss of function of nerve fibers.
The epilepsy is a seizure syndrome caused by a functional alteration of the activity of nerve cells (neurons) in the brain. There are two types of epilepsy:
a) The generalized epilepsy : if the spasms are accompanied loss of consciousness.
b) The partial epilepsy: only if it affects the body part related to the damaged part of the brain. The
demyelinating nerve disease: cause the destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers. For example, measles or smallpox. The
degenerative nerve disease: The Alzheimer's is the leading cause of dementia in old age. It is characterized by atrophy of neurons associated with cognitive, memory disorders, short attention span, slurred speech and disorientation. Parkinson's disease is product of degeneration of neurons in the brainstem. These patients suffer from tremors, muscle rigidity and lack of coordination.
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Transplant
A transplant is the process by which an implanted organ or tissue from a donor to a recipient. Two
group: Organ
: as kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, cornea, or heart.
tissue transplants, such as bone marrow.
Types transplant: Allogeneic
· : when the body comes from another individual of the same species.
· autotransplants : when should the same patient.
· Xenotransplantation: if it comes from an animal of another species.
The main problem is compatibility transplants because the patient's immune system rejects the new body to recognize it as foreign to the body. To avoid this, it provides the patient a series of immunosuppressive drugs to reduce and control rejection reactions.
When a healthy and relatively young person dies, usually because of an accident, called for the solidarity of the family to authorize the donation of his organs.
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Monday, April 27, 2009
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Transplant Cardiovascular Disease Diseases
Cardiovascular Disease
When the inner section of the coronary arteries become partially or completely occluded, some areas of the heart fail to receive the irrigation needs (ischemia). The main symptom is chest pain that may radiate to the neck and left arm. If the injury is partial, the result is angina, a condition that leaves no sequelae. By contrast, total occlusion of an artery may cause necrosis (death) from heart muscle and is called myocardial infarction. The affected area loses its contractile function.
other hand along life, an artery experiences a natural degenerative process, with narrowing of the inner section and progressive increase in wall thickness. The large blood vessels, especially the aorta, may have abnormal dilation, called aneurysms, usually caused by atherosclerotic plaques, which are deposits of cholesterol and other various substances on the inner walls of the arteries. The increased thickness of plaque narrows the inside section of blood vessel and may produce stroke. Atherosclerosis in this degenerative process is compounded because the disease causes hardening of the arteries and loss of elasticity.
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Cardiovascular Disease
When the inner section of the coronary arteries become partially or completely occluded, some areas of the heart fail to receive the irrigation needs (ischemia). The main symptom is chest pain that may radiate to the neck and left arm. If the injury is partial, the result is angina, a condition that leaves no sequelae. By contrast, total occlusion of an artery may cause necrosis (death) from heart muscle and is called myocardial infarction. The affected area loses its contractile function.
other hand along life, an artery experiences a natural degenerative process, with narrowing of the inner section and progressive increase in wall thickness. The large blood vessels, especially the aorta, may have abnormal dilation, called aneurysms, usually caused by atherosclerotic plaques, which are deposits of cholesterol and other various substances on the inner walls of the arteries. The increased thickness of plaque narrows the inside section of blood vessel and may produce stroke. Atherosclerosis in this degenerative process is compounded because the disease causes hardening of the arteries and loss of elasticity.
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cancers functional
cancers
Cell division is the process by which a cell divides into another. Its purpose is to promote growth of tissues and organs of the body and replenish also the cells that are dying. It turns out that this process is strictly regulated: the cells receive signals that tell them when to divide or when to stop. But if there is failure self-destructive natural cellular system (called apoptosis) can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cause a tumor or neoplasm.
If abnormal cells remain together, the tumor is classified as benign. If abnormal cells invade surrounding tissues or travel through the bloodstream or the lymph stream to other parts of the body to form secondary tumors or metastasis where the tumor is malignant, and is called cancer.
When a person is exposed to certain factors, called carcinogens, their chances of developing some type of tumor increases. Eg inheritance, high fat diets and obesity, ultraviolet radiation, snuff smoke and alcohol.
traditional therapies to combat cancers ranging from the removal surgery to radiation therapy, if used radioactivity to kill tumor cells, and chemotherapy, where drugs are used to interrupt the cycle of reproduction of cancer cells. Currently, other less aggressive techniques developed through the use of drugs that attack only cancer cells and not those that are healthy. Gene therapy consists in correcting genetic defects from the introduction of genes in diseased cells healing.
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cancers
Cell division is the process by which a cell divides into another. Its purpose is to promote growth of tissues and organs of the body and replenish also the cells that are dying. It turns out that this process is strictly regulated: the cells receive signals that tell them when to divide or when to stop. But if there is failure self-destructive natural cellular system (called apoptosis) can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cause a tumor or neoplasm.
If abnormal cells remain together, the tumor is classified as benign. If abnormal cells invade surrounding tissues or travel through the bloodstream or the lymph stream to other parts of the body to form secondary tumors or metastasis where the tumor is malignant, and is called cancer.
When a person is exposed to certain factors, called carcinogens, their chances of developing some type of tumor increases. Eg inheritance, high fat diets and obesity, ultraviolet radiation, snuff smoke and alcohol.
traditional therapies to combat cancers ranging from the removal surgery to radiation therapy, if used radioactivity to kill tumor cells, and chemotherapy, where drugs are used to interrupt the cycle of reproduction of cancer cells. Currently, other less aggressive techniques developed through the use of drugs that attack only cancer cells and not those that are healthy. Gene therapy consists in correcting genetic defects from the introduction of genes in diseased cells healing.
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When cells, tissues or organs of the body experience changes in their operation, are produced functional diseases. Metabolic diseases
: alterations that occur in all chemical reactions in cells and allow them to get energy to stay, play and socialize. Example, diabetes. Degenerative
: they cause serious damage to the structure of cells, tissues or organs. For example, Parkinson's or various types of cancer there.
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puerperal fever
puerperal fever
Ignaz Semmelweis, a physician at the first maternity ward of the Vienna General Hospital, was distressed to see that a large proportion of women who had given birth in that division contracted a fatal disease known as puerperal fever or postpartum fever.
An opinion attributed to puerperal fever epidemic influences, ranging from entire districts and puerperal fever occurred in women who were postpartum. Semmelweis noted that some women placed in first division who lived far from the hospital had been surprised by the pain of childbirth on their way, and had given birth in the street, however, despite these adverse conditions, the percentage of deaths from puerperal fever between cases of street delivery was lower than the first division. Another view
overcrowding. But Semmelweis argued that, in fact, the crowding was greater in the Second Division, in part by the desperate efforts of patients to prevent from entering in the famous first division.
A commission appointed to investigate the matter attributed to a common disease in the division first to the injuries caused by careless surveys.
lesions produced naturally in the birthing process were far greater than they could have a little careful consideration, the midwives who received lessons in the Second Division recognized for their patients in a very similar, but without producing the same effects. Kolletschka
friend of Semmelweis, received a puncture wound on his finger, caused by the scalpel of a student with whom he was performing an autopsy, and died after an agony during which showed the same symptoms that Semmelweis had observed in victims puerperal fever. Semmelweis realized that
cadaverous matter that the student's scalpel had introduced into the bloodstream of Kolletschka had been the cause of the fatal illness of his colleague, and the similarities between the course of the ailment of Kollerschka and women of the clinic was to Semmelweis the conclusion that his patients had died of blood poisoning of a kind: he, his colleagues and medical students were carriers of the infectious substance, because he and his team used to reach the rooms immediately after making dissections in the autopsy room, and recognized women in labor after washing their hands only in a superficial way. Semmelweis
tested this possibility, so that if the assumption were correct, then one could prevent childbed fever chemically destroying the infectious material adhering to the hands.
puerperal mortality began to decline, down to 1.27% in the first division, compared to 1.33 in the second. Later
clinical experiences led Semmelweis to extend his hypothesis. On one occasion, after disinfecting hands, looked first to a parturient suffering from ulcerated cervical cancer, then proceeded to examine a dozen other women in the same room, after a routine cleaning, not disinfected again. Eleven of the twelve patients died puerperal fever.
Semmelweis concluded that puerperal fever could be produced not only by cadaverous matter, but also putrid matter from living organisms.
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puerperal fever
Ignaz Semmelweis, a physician at the first maternity ward of the Vienna General Hospital, was distressed to see that a large proportion of women who had given birth in that division contracted a fatal disease known as puerperal fever or postpartum fever.
An opinion attributed to puerperal fever epidemic influences, ranging from entire districts and puerperal fever occurred in women who were postpartum. Semmelweis noted that some women placed in first division who lived far from the hospital had been surprised by the pain of childbirth on their way, and had given birth in the street, however, despite these adverse conditions, the percentage of deaths from puerperal fever between cases of street delivery was lower than the first division. Another view
overcrowding. But Semmelweis argued that, in fact, the crowding was greater in the Second Division, in part by the desperate efforts of patients to prevent from entering in the famous first division.
A commission appointed to investigate the matter attributed to a common disease in the division first to the injuries caused by careless surveys.
lesions produced naturally in the birthing process were far greater than they could have a little careful consideration, the midwives who received lessons in the Second Division recognized for their patients in a very similar, but without producing the same effects. Kolletschka
friend of Semmelweis, received a puncture wound on his finger, caused by the scalpel of a student with whom he was performing an autopsy, and died after an agony during which showed the same symptoms that Semmelweis had observed in victims puerperal fever. Semmelweis realized that
cadaverous matter that the student's scalpel had introduced into the bloodstream of Kolletschka had been the cause of the fatal illness of his colleague, and the similarities between the course of the ailment of Kollerschka and women of the clinic was to Semmelweis the conclusion that his patients had died of blood poisoning of a kind: he, his colleagues and medical students were carriers of the infectious substance, because he and his team used to reach the rooms immediately after making dissections in the autopsy room, and recognized women in labor after washing their hands only in a superficial way. Semmelweis
tested this possibility, so that if the assumption were correct, then one could prevent childbed fever chemically destroying the infectious material adhering to the hands.
puerperal mortality began to decline, down to 1.27% in the first division, compared to 1.33 in the second. Later
clinical experiences led Semmelweis to extend his hypothesis. On one occasion, after disinfecting hands, looked first to a parturient suffering from ulcerated cervical cancer, then proceeded to examine a dozen other women in the same room, after a routine cleaning, not disinfected again. Eleven of the twelve patients died puerperal fever.
Semmelweis concluded that puerperal fever could be produced not only by cadaverous matter, but also putrid matter from living organisms.
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Thursday, April 16, 2009
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current pandemic infectious diseases
current pandemics
The pandemics occur when a new pathogen to which people have little or no immunity and there is no response proper prior medical. The disease spreads easily among people and can extend for several countries. Through measures such as border closures and restrictions travel, may delay the arrival of the disease, but it's hard to stop.
The word means AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is a chronic infectious disease caused by a virus of the family of retroviruses and cause characterized by progressive and irreversible immune deficiency that makes the affected person is sensitive to the input of various pathogens that can cause variety of diseases, such as pneumonia or tuberculosis, which are caused by bacteria, which are clinical manifestations (signs or symptoms).
The only AIDS transmission routes tested are blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk.
On the bird flu, health professionals are concerned since 2003 about the prevalence of the virus in Southeast Asia, and represents a significant threat to human health, especially because it can spread by birds transmitted from migratory birds to mammals and in some circumstances to humans. More than half of those infected with the virus have died and it is believed that most cases have occurred from exposure to infected poultry. There has been no sustained transmission of the disease among humans, but there are fears that the virus evolves by mutation and can be transmitted between own people. The
severe acute respiratory syndrome or SARS is an atypical pneumonia appeared that first appeared in November 2002 in China. It spread to Hong Kong and Vietnam.
In the early twentieth century, tuberculosis was one of the leading causes of death in Europe and malaria ravaging many parts of southern Europe.
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current pandemics
The pandemics occur when a new pathogen to which people have little or no immunity and there is no response proper prior medical. The disease spreads easily among people and can extend for several countries. Through measures such as border closures and restrictions travel, may delay the arrival of the disease, but it's hard to stop.
The word means AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is a chronic infectious disease caused by a virus of the family of retroviruses and cause characterized by progressive and irreversible immune deficiency that makes the affected person is sensitive to the input of various pathogens that can cause variety of diseases, such as pneumonia or tuberculosis, which are caused by bacteria, which are clinical manifestations (signs or symptoms).
The only AIDS transmission routes tested are blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk.
On the bird flu, health professionals are concerned since 2003 about the prevalence of the virus in Southeast Asia, and represents a significant threat to human health, especially because it can spread by birds transmitted from migratory birds to mammals and in some circumstances to humans. More than half of those infected with the virus have died and it is believed that most cases have occurred from exposure to infected poultry. There has been no sustained transmission of the disease among humans, but there are fears that the virus evolves by mutation and can be transmitted between own people. The
severe acute respiratory syndrome or SARS is an atypical pneumonia appeared that first appeared in November 2002 in China. It spread to Hong Kong and Vietnam.
In the early twentieth century, tuberculosis was one of the leading causes of death in Europe and malaria ravaging many parts of southern Europe.
-> Download this audio input (mp3) <--
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infectious diseases
Any infectious disease is easily transmitted and is: • A
infectious disease in which a germ to enter the body of a person multiplies and develops in it.
• A contagious disease because a sick person can transmit the disease to other healthy initially, for example, by coughing or sneezing.
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Transmission Types
Disease transmission
Pathogens biological or germs
· Virus: Although there are real living beings, they are supramolecular organizations are included within biological pathogens. The virus, to enter into a living organism, become obligate intracellular parasites, ie they have no metabolism outside a living cell. For example, influenza and AIDS.
· Bacteria: are single-celled prokaryotes (ie, cells lacking a distinct nucleus). For example, cholera or tuberculosis.
· Some protozoa, unicellular eukaryotes (ie, their cells have nuclei). For such as malaria.
· Metazoans : mites such as those produced scabies, worms that cause trichinosis and hydatid disease, disease-causing fungi such as athlete's foot.
physical and chemical pathogens
produce poison for entry into the body of poisons , by eating spoiled food, or stings or bites from animals such as snakes.
Pathogens psychological, social and cultural
Changes in the values \u200b\u200band customs, the pace of life, wars, economic problems, job opportunities, unemployment, racial and religious discrimination ... provide a wide range of factors that are of great importance in human health as extremely negative impact on general welfare.
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Disease transmission
Pathogens biological or germs
· Virus: Although there are real living beings, they are supramolecular organizations are included within biological pathogens. The virus, to enter into a living organism, become obligate intracellular parasites, ie they have no metabolism outside a living cell. For example, influenza and AIDS.
· Bacteria: are single-celled prokaryotes (ie, cells lacking a distinct nucleus). For example, cholera or tuberculosis.
· Some protozoa, unicellular eukaryotes (ie, their cells have nuclei). For such as malaria.
· Metazoans : mites such as those produced scabies, worms that cause trichinosis and hydatid disease, disease-causing fungi such as athlete's foot.
physical and chemical pathogens
produce poison for entry into the body of poisons , by eating spoiled food, or stings or bites from animals such as snakes.
Pathogens psychological, social and cultural
Changes in the values \u200b\u200band customs, the pace of life, wars, economic problems, job opportunities, unemployment, racial and religious discrimination ... provide a wide range of factors that are of great importance in human health as extremely negative impact on general welfare.
-> Download this audio input (mp3) <--
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